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Ethnic groups in Delhi
Delhi's ethnic groups are diverse. During the British Raj, Delhi was a district city of the Punjab Province of British India and is still historically and culturally connected to the Punjab region. The Yamuna river was the historical boundary between the Punjab and the rest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The original natives of Delhi are those whose ancestors lived in the Yamuna basin, a region which spreads radially from the capital up to a distance of approximately 200 kilometres.〔''Memorandum submitted to the States Re-Organisation Commission Regarding Greater Delhi,'' 1 May 1954, quoted in Shiv Charan Gupta, ''Delhi: The City of Future'', New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1987, p146-156.〕 Today the migrant population consists largely of Bhojpuris and Biharis.〔Percival Spear, ''Delhi: The Stop-Go Capital: A Summation'', p32, in RE Frykenberg, (editor), ''Delhi Through the Ages: Selected Essays in Urban History, Culture and history''. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.〕
== Migrants ==
The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Linguistic data cannot accurately predict ethnicity: for example, many descendants of the Punjabi Hindu and Sikh refugees who came to Delhi following the partition of India now speak Hindi natively. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the ethnic makeup of Delhi.
Delhi is an ancient city, and the people residing in the Yamuna River basin were the original natives of the city.〔 However, being a historical capital and prominent city, Delhi has always attracted a large number of immigrants. When the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, a substantial number of government personnel, especially from the Bengal, migrated to Delhi.〔 Following the partition of India in 1947, a large number of people migrated to Delhi. These included a large number of Punjabis (with a relatively small number of Sindhis), which led to the characterization of Delhi as a "Punjabi city". According to the first census right after partition, the 1951 census, Delhi had a total population of 1,744,072 people which included:〔
By 1991, the number of those born outside Delhi was 3.7 million (out of a total population of 9.4 million). Most of these included immigrants from Uttar Pradesh (1.75 million) and Rajasthan (0.23 million). However, these neighbouring states are themselves ethnically diverse, so it is hard to use this data for determining the ethnic make-up of Delhi.〔 There are also a large number of immigrants from the East Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and Bengal. The number of South Indians is relatively less, with most of them coming from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There are also several immigrants from the North-East India, who have migrated to Delhi because of the conflicts and bad economy in their native states. Today Hindi and Punjabi are still the most widely spoken languages in Delhi and the lingua franca.〔''Demographics of North India by P.S. Rawat p 186''〕 English is the principal written language of the city and the most commonly used language in government work and in Delhi's huge financial sector. In addition to Hindi, Punjabi and English, Urdu also has official language status in Delhi.〔http://www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/fast-facts.html〕〔http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204〕
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